
Introduction
Many people have become very rich in the commodity
markets. It is one of a few investment areas where an individual with
limited capital can make extraordinary profits in a relatively short
period of time. For example, Richard Dennis borrowed $1,600 and turned
it into a $200 million fortune in about ten years.
Nevertheless, because some people lose money,
commodity trading has a bad reputation as being too risky for the
average individual. The truth is that commodity trading is only as risky
as you want to make it.
Those who treat trading as a get-rich-quick scheme are
likely to lose because they have to take big risks. If you act
prudently, treat your trading like a business instead of a giant
gambling thing and are willing to settle for a reasonable return, the
risks are acceptable. The probability of success is excellent.
The process of trading commodities is also known as
futures trading. Unlike other kinds of investments, such as stocks and
bonds, when you trade futures, you do not actually buy anything or own
anything. You are speculating on the future direction of the price in
the commodity you are trading. This is like a bet on future price
direction. The terms "buy" and "sell" merely indicate the direction you
expect future prices will take.
If, for instance, you were speculating in corn, you
would buy a futures contract if you thought the price would be going up
in the future. You would sell a futures contract if you thought the
price would go down. For every trade, there is always a buyer and a
seller. Neither person has to own any corn to participate. He must only
deposit sufficient capital with a brokerage firm to insure that he will
be able to pay the losses if his trades lose money.
In addition to speculators, both the commodity's
commercial producers and commercial consumers also participate. The
principal economic purpose of the futures markets is for these
commercial participants to eliminate their risk from changing prices.
On one side of a transaction may be a producer like a
farmer. He has a field full of corn growing on his farm. It won't be
ready for harvest for another three months. If he is worried about the
price going down during that time, he can sell futures contracts
equivalent to the size of his crop and deliver his corn to fulfill his
obligation under the contract. Regardless of how the price of corn
changes in the three months until his crop will be ready for delivery,
he is guaranteed to be paid the current price.
On the other side of the transaction might be a
producer such as a cereal manufacturer who needs to buy lots of corn.
The manufacturer, such as Kellogg, may be concerned that in the next
three months the price of corn will go up, and it will have to pay more
than the current price. To protect against this, Kellogg can buy futures
contracts at the current price. In three months Kellogg can fulfill its
obligation under the contracts by taking delivery of the corn. This
guarantees that regardless of how the price moves in the next three
months, Kellogg will pay no more than the current price for its corn.
In addition to agricultural commodities, there are
futures for financial instruments and intangibles such as currencies,
bonds and stock market indexes. Each futures market has producers and
consumers who need to hedge their risk from future price changes. The
speculators, who do not actually deal in the physical commodities, are
there to provide liquidity. This maintains an orderly market where price
changes from one trade to the next are small.
Rather than taking delivery or making delivery, the
speculator merely offsets his position at some time before the date set
for future delivery. If price has moved in the right direction, he will
profit. If not, he will lose.
In his book The Futures Game, Professor Richard
Teweles explains the functions of the futures markets: "In addition to
reducing the costs of production, marketing and processing, futures
markets provide continuous, accurate, well-publicized price information
and continuous liquid markets. Futures trading is [thus] beneficial to
the public which ultimately consumes the goods traded in the futures
markets. Without the speculator futures markets could not function.
Commodity Trading As An Investment Vehicle
There are many inherent advantages of commodity
futures as an investment vehicle over other investment alternatives such
as savings accounts, stocks, bonds, options, real estate and
collectibles.
The primary attraction, of course, is the potential
for large profits in a short period of time. The reason that futures
trading can be so profitable isleverage.
For instance, if you had a $10,000 futures trading
account, you could trade one S&P 500 stock index futures contract.
If you were going to buy the equivalent amount of common stocks, you
would currently need about $350,000, thirty-five times as much.
Let's say you decided that the stock market was going
to go up. You could invest $350,000 and buy individual stocks equivalent
to the S&P index, or you could buy one S&P futures contract.
Buying a futures contract is the same as betting that the S&P index
will go up.
If you had made your move on the first trading day of
September, 1996 and held your position for two weeks, your common stock
position would have been worth about $20,000 more than when you bought
it, a gain of about six percent. Not bad for only two weeks. If you had
taken the futures route, however, you would have made the same $20,000,
which would have been a 200 percent gain on the $10,000 margin required
in your futures trading account.
That is an actual example of the tremendous returns
you can earn in a short period of time trading futures. Of course, you
can lose money just as fast if you trade in the wrong direction. Suppose
you had thought the stock market was about to go down and you had sold a
futures contract instead of buying one. If you had valiantly held it
for two weeks, you would have lost $20,000. That's a good example of why
you must exit your trades quickly if they start to move against you.
Another advantage of futures trading is much lower
relative commissions. Your commission on that $20,000 futures trading
profit would have been only about $30 to $50. Commissions on individual
stocks are typically as much as one percent for both buying and selling.
That could have been $7,000 to buy and sell a basket of stocks worth
$350,000.
While profits can be large in commodity trading, it is
not easy to make consistently correct decisions about what and when to
buy and sell.
Commodity speculation offers an important advantage
over such illiquid vehicles as real estate and collectibles. The balance
in your account is always available. If you maintain sufficient margin,
you can even spend your current profit on a trade without closing out
the position. With stocks, bonds and real estate, you can't spend your
gains until you actually sell the investment.
As you will see, commodity trading is not particularly
complicated. Unlike the stock market where there are over ten thousand
potential stocks and mutual funds, there are only about forty viable
futures markets to trade. Those markets cover the gamut of market
sectors, however, so you can diversify throughout all important segments
of the world economy.
In futures trading, it is as easy to sell (also
referred to as going short) as it is to buy (also referred to as going
long). By choosing correctly, you can make money whether prices go up or
down. Therefore, trading a diversified portfolio of futures markets
offers the opportunity to profit from any potential economic scenario.
Regardless of whether we have inflation or deflation, boom or
depression, hurricanes, droughts, famines or freezes, there is always
the potential for profit trading commodities.
There are even tax advantages to making your money
from futures trading. Regardless of the actual holding period, commodity
profits are automatically taxed as sixty percent long-term capital
gains and forty percent short-term capital gains. The current maximum
capital gains rate is thirty-three percent, somewhat less than the
maximum rate for ordinary income. To the extent that capital gains tax
rates are reduced in the future, commodity traders will benefit. If a
distinction is re-established so that taxes on long-term gains are lower
than on short-term gains, commodity traders will benefit.
INTERESTED IN STARTING A COMMODITY TRADING
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Students
unemployed
Fund managers.
Commodity traders.
Work from home mum
Cooperative societies.
Finance houses.
Government officials.
Investors.
C.E.O.
All result minded people.
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