how to build solar panel yourself anywhere in the world

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SOLAR ENERGY

Over the last couple of years solar power generators have become more and more popular due to our hard economical times. Thousands of solar power systems are being installed domestically every day. Not only people lower their energy bills but solar panels are also safe for the environment. Read on if you're interested in making your own solar panels that can drastically reduce your energy bills month after month.
Normally a ready made solar panel costs up to a few thousands and I'm sure not everyone wants to make such an investment. This is the reason why more and more people are deciding to build their own solar panels right in their own backyard. All the parts that you need to build a solar system don't cost you more than $200 dollars depending on where you buy the parts from. (We've researched the Internet for a while and noticed that the solar cells for example are the cheapest to buy online -- as low as $1 per cell.)
In fact the photovoltaic cell is the most important part of the system. Each panel contains a set of solar cells that are wired up with copper in series. Even a 200 watt solar panel produces enough energy to either charge a battery for further use or to be converted directly into AC voltage for domestic use.
If you decide to start building you own solar panels you need to have all the required parts such as photovoltaic cells, copper wire, boards, glass and all the other required tools including a soldering iron that heats up fast. You need be careful as the markets are full of non-quality solar cells, the cheapest and most effective ones can be found online. Basically you won't be spending more than one hundred and fifty to two hundred dollars altogether. Imagine that a solar panel normally costs around $3000. (Last time I've checked at my local power system supplier.)
Depending on the size of your house and how much energy you need, you might want to make more than one solar panel. A charge controller will be required in order to regulate the amount of energy that each panel sends into the charging batteries. For those that don't know the battery life is being shortened when you over charge them and that's why a charge controller is a 'must have'.
No matter how many solar panels you need to make, building them on your own will drastically reduce the costs comparing to what you would pay for a few ready-made ones. We're now building our fifth panel and so far we haven't spent more than nine hundred dollars altogether. And if you're a bit lucky you might be able to get some of the materials at a local garage sale. Even if it's hard to believe you can save more than 80% on your energy bills each year by making your own solar panels.

Solar panel construction can be generally thought of as difficult, only because the minute someone hears the words solar panels they think of thousands of dollars which then triggers the thought that if it is expensive, it must be hard to build. Hopefully this article will show you that constructing your own solar panels is not that difficult.
Learning to build your own solar panel system is becoming more and more common in 2009 because it is a definite way to saving thousands of dollars in the long run. Because it is cheaper to make, you can make more and therefore cut your electricity costs down by 10%, 30%, 60%, 80% or even erase them altogether. With the right DIY solar panel kit you can easily build your solar panels cheap.
The materials you need to start your solar panel construction project can be found in your local hardware store. What you need to buy are solar cells, some plywood, glass, copper wire, silicone, solder and UV protector. With these items being so easily accessible it's no wonder people are starting to use a new source of energy to power their homes.
Many may think that home made solar panels are not that great and can be dodgy, I am here to say that these people do not know what they are talking about. Homemade solar panels are just as efficient and effective as factory made ones. What it really depends on is the instructions you follow. If you follow a poor set of instructions you will have a poorly built solar panel.
Can you imagine what you could use the money you save from your electricity bills for? A new holiday? A new car? The possibilities are endless. Join the new revolution that is taking over the world and start building your own solar panels today!
When we ask people about renewable energy or alternative energy, most of them think of solar energy. Everybody knows about generating electricity from the sun well. Whether it is your pocket calculator, workshop, or home, without thinking of your power needs, the job will be done by solar energy system.
Electricity from the sun has many unique benefits over conventional or grid-based electricity. Designs of solar electric systems are various and very beneficial in remote areas where other electric opportunities don't exist. Moreover, photovoltaic systems that generate solar electricity have no moving parts so they require minimal maintenance. They are easily expandable and they are removable with many smaller units.
Environmental compatibility is a great selling point for switching to solar electricity. The sun, a free renewable resource, is the material for generating solar energy. Solar energy produces no noise pollution and certainly almost no pollution from their operation. The independence is another attractive factor for many people who choose solar energy over conventional electricity. It is an appealing offer to many rural residences to know that when the lights go out due to storms or blackouts, theirs are still working. It's not necessary to wait the outage report and take 10 hours until service will be restored.
The cost of the system is the most difficult part of switching to solar power system. Investing in solar power system will take a lot of money. The value of solar electricity is realized many years.  Because there are many solar power systems in less rural areas and only in some states, selling unused solar electricity back to the electric company is possible. In this case, returning of investment is considered much more quickly.

QUICK INFORMATION ABOUT SOLAR ENERGY
The sun has produced energy for billions of years.  Solar energy is the sun’s rays (solar radiation) that reach the earth.
Solar energy can be converted into other forms of energy, such as heat and electricity.  In the 1830s, the British astronomer John Herschel used a solar thermal collector box (a device that absorbs sunlight to collect heat) to cook food during an expedition to Africa. Today, people use the sun's energy for lots of things.
Solar energy can be converted to thermal (or heat) energy and used to:
  • Heat water – for use in homes, buildings, or swimming pools.
  • Heat spaces – inside greenhouses, homes, and other buildings.
Solar energy can be converted to electricity in two ways:
  • Photovoltaic (PV devices) or “solar cells” – change sunlight directly into electricity. PV systems are often used in remote locations that are not connected to the electric grid.  They are also used to power watches, calculators, and lighted road signs.
  • Solar Power Plants -  indirectly generate electricity when the heat from solar thermal collectors is used to heat a fluid which produces steam that is used to power generator. Out of the 15 known solar electric generating units operating in the United States at the end of 2006, 10 of these are in California, and 5 in Arizona. No statistics are being collected on solar plants that produce less than 1 megawatt of electricity, so there may be smaller solar plants in a number of other states.
The major disadvantages of solar energy are:
  • The amount of sunlight that arrives at the earth's surface is not constant. It depends on location, time of day, time of year, and weather conditions.
  • Because the sun doesn't deliver that much energy to any one place at any one time, a large surface area is required to collect the energy at a useful rate.
Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. A photovoltaic cell, commonly called a solar cell or PV, is the technology used to convert solar energy directly into electrical power. A photovoltaic cell is a nonmechanical device usually made from silicon alloys.
Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy.  These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum.  When photons strike a photovoltaic cell, they may be reflected, pass right through, or be absorbed.  Only the absorbed photons provide energy to generate electricity.  When enough sunlight (energy) is absorbed by the material (a semiconductor), electrons are dislodged from the material's atoms.  Special treatment of the material surface during manufacturing makes the front surface of the cell more receptive to free electrons, so the electrons naturally migrate to the surface. 
When the electrons leave their position, holes are formed.  When many electrons, each carrying a negative charge, travel toward the front surface of the cell, the resulting imbalance of charge between the cell's front and back surfaces creates a voltage potential like the negative and positive terminals of a battery.  When the two surfaces are connected through an external load, electricity flows.
The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of a photovoltaic system.  Individual cells can vary in size from about 1 centimeter (1/2 inch) to about 10 centimeter (4 inches) across.  However, one cell only produces 1 or 2 watts, which isn't enough power for most applications.  To increase power output, cells are electrically connected into a packaged weather-tight module.  Modules can be further connected to form an array.  The term array refers to the entire generating plant, whether it is made up of one or several thousand modules.  The number of modules connected together in an array depends on the amount of power output needed. 
The performance of a photovoltaic array is dependent upon sunlight.  Climate conditions (e.g., clouds, fog) have a significant effect on the amount of solar energy received by a photovoltaic array and, in turn, its performance.  Most current technology photovoltaic modules are about 10 percent efficient in converting sunlight. Further research is being conducted to raise this efficiency to 20 percent.
The photovoltaic cell was discovered in 1954 by Bell Telephone researchers examining the sensitivity of a properly prepared silicon wafer to sunlight.  Beginning in the late 1950s, photovoltaic cells were used to power U.S. space satellites (learn more about the history of photovaltaic cells).  The success of PV in space generated commercial applications for this technology.  The simplest photovoltaic systems power many of the small calculators and wrist watches used everyday.  More complicated systems provide electricity to pump water, power communications equipment, and even provide electricity to our homes.
Some advantages of photovoltaic systems are: 
  1. Conversion from sunlight to electricity is direct, so that bulky mechanical generator systems are unnecessary.
  2. PV arrays can  be installed quickly and in any size required or allowed.
  3. The environmental impact is minimal, requiring no water for system cooling and generating no by-products.
Photovoltaic cells, like batteries, generate direct current (DC) which is generally used for small loads (electronic equipment).  When DC from photovoltaic cells is used for commercial applications or sold to electric utilities using the electric grid, it must be converted to alternating current (AC) using inverters, solid state devices that convert DC power to AC. 
Historically, PV has been used at remote sites to provide electricity.  In the future PV arrays may be located at sites that are also connected to the electric grid enhancing the reliability of the distribution system.
Solar thermal(heat) energy is often used for heating swimming pools, heating water used in homes, and space heating of buildings. Solar space heating systems can be classified as passive or active.
Passive space heating is what happens to your car on a hot summer day. In buildings, the air is circulated past a solar heat surface(s) and through the building by convection (i.e. less dense warm air tends to rise while more dense cooler air moves downward) . No mechanical equipment is needed for passive solar heating
Active heating systems require a collector to absorb and collect solar radiation.   Fans or pumps are used to circulate the heated air or heat absorbing fluid.  Active systems often include some type of energy storage system.
Solar collectors can be either nonconcentrating or concentrating.
1) Nonconcentrating collectors – have a collector area (i.e. the area that intercepts the solar radiation) that is the same as the absorber area (i.e., the area absorbing the radiation). Flat-plate collectors are the most common and are used when temperatures below about 200o degrees F are sufficient, such as for space heating.
2) Concentrating collectors – where the area intercepting the solar radiation is greater, sometimes hundreds of times greater, than the absorber area. 

SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS

Solar thermal power plants use the sun's rays to heat a fluid, from which heat transfer systems may be used to produce steam. The steam, in turn, is converted into mechanical energy in a turbine and into electricity from a conventional generator coupled to the turbine.   Solar thermal power generation works essentially the same as generation from fossil fuels except that instead of using steam produced from the combustion of fossil fuels, the steam is produced by the heat collected from sunlight. Solar thermal technologies use concentrator systems due to the high temperatures needed to heat the  fluid.  The three main types of solar-thermal power systems are:
Solar energy is free, and its supplies are unlimited. Using solar energy produces no air or water pollution but does have some indirect impacts on the environment. For example, manufacturing the photovoltaic cells used to convert sunlight into electricity, consumes silicon and produces some waste products. In addition, large solar thermal farms can also harm desert ecosystems if not properly managed.

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